Oil is an extremely complex mixture of liquid organic substances, which are dissolved solid hydroca

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Oil is an extremely complex mixture of liquid organic substances, which are dissolved solid hydrocarbons, resinous substances and the like. The word most oil - probably has Persian origin and most - generally means strike (from naphtha). bonne bell lip smackers The word oil - petroos - stone oleum- oil) main component are alkanoic, cycloalkanoic and arenovite hydrocarbons. Each of these groups is characterized by specific properties and structure. Furthermore, hydrocarbon oil containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds from sulfur compounds are present predominantly mercaptans, sulphides, bisulfites, thiophene and the like. Oxygen compounds are found in the form of oil acids, but may also contain phenols and saturated fatty acids. Nitrogen compounds are mainly derivatives of complex compounds, which are obtained by decomposition of components of blood or chlorophyll (in plants). Resin - asphalt substances besides carbon and hydrogen containing more sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. Their content in the oil is not usually bonne bell lip smackers great, but sometimes can reach 20-30%. Oil is known to mankind since ancient times. Byzantines and Babylonians used it as a flammable mixture, including the different martial deystviya.Prez XVIII century kerosene has been the source for lighting streets and homes. In the XIX century with the invention of the internal combustion engine, oil is the main raw material for the production of high quality motor fuels. Nowadays, global oil and gas are the main sources of energy. In the second half of the last century bonne bell lip smackers there is a steady trend of increased use of these resources as raw materials for the needs of organic chemical technology, especially in western Europe, USA and Japan. Yet oil and gas remain the main energy source. Although in the seventies of the twentieth century has raged oil crisis. Congress in Istanbul bonne bell lip smackers (1977) after lengthy debates on global energy resources for 35 years (1985 - 2020). States that oil and gas as energy sources bonne bell lip smackers will contribute at least 40% in aggregate global thermal balance . It was found that the world's bonne bell lip smackers natural gas reserves are concentrated mainly in the ten countries with the highest yield in recent falls on Russia
Gasolines are a complex mixture of light alkane, alkene, and tsikloakanovi arenovi hydrocarbons and their derivatives with a carbon number of 4 to 10, average molecular weight 100, boiling in the temperature range from 35 to 205 C. The main quantity of petrol produced in the processing of petroleum and petroleum gases. Minor amounts of gasoline are produced in the processing of solid fuels.
Indicators determining the chemical stability of petrol. The last in service should not form gummy deposits in the carburetor and deposits in the combustion chamber and storage shall not release resins and sludge (actually resins induction period, fractional composition content bonne bell lip smackers of anti-detonators). Indicators relating to the corrosivity of gasoline on metals during storage, transportation and operation (content of total and active sulfur, organic and inorganic acids). bonne bell lip smackers
Detonation is called special regime of combustion in engines. It occurs in those cases where, after ignition of fuel - air mixture bonne bell lip smackers burns only part of the fuel. Remainder (20%) of the instant fuel self-ignites, whereupon the speed of propagation of the flame reaches 1500 to 2500 m / s instead of 20 to 30 m / s, and the pressure bonne bell lip smackers increases exponentially.
This leads to the formation of a detonation wave which impinges on the walls of engine cylinders. Detonation bonne bell lip smackers combustion leads to increased fuel consumption, reduce engine power, burn bearings bonne bell lip smackers and valves, and finally a quick exit from the engine use. The tendency to oxidation of the hydrocarbons is different, and therefore the combustion is varied. So a very important factor is the chemical composition of fuels. Detonation stability is characterized by octane (rating scale). This is conditional unit of detonation stability, numerically equal to the volume percentages isooctane (2,2,4 bonne bell lip smackers - trimethylpentane) in a mixture of n-heptane. For isooctyl detonation stability is assumed to be 100, and in normal heptane to 0.
Adding oxygens increases detonation resistance, bonne bell lip smackers particularly overheads, improves the combustion of gasoline, reduces fuel consumption and reduces the toxicity of the fumes. The concentration of the oxygens in the gasoline is from 3 to 15%, and is selected to such a value that the oxygen concentration in the fuel is not